English 2

Relative Clauses (Introduction + practice)

Let’s take a closer look at the following sentences:

  • I couldn’t hear WHAT they were saying.
  • The man WHOM I saw on the bus the other day is Tom’s brother.
  • James didn’t phone, WHICH is very surprising.
  • My best friend Katherine, WHO happens to go to the same university as me, decided to leave her parents’ house and start living on her own.

All the listed examples above demonstrate the use of RELATIVE CLAUSES. The relative clauses can be (1) defining and (2) non-defining. Here’s the structure:

Some other ways of using Relative clauses:

  • Examples
  • who and which are more usual in written English whereas that is more usual in speech when referring to things:
  • That’s the boy (Ø, that, who, whom) I invited to the party.
  • That is the house (Ø, that, which) I’d like to buy.

PRACTICE:

1 Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.

  1. What’s the name of the man whose car you borrowed?
  2. A cemetery is a place____________ people are buried.
  3. A pacifist is a person ____________ believes that all wars are wrong.
  4. An orphan is a child ____________ parents are dead.
  5. What was the name of the person to ____________ you spoke on the phone?
  6. The place ____________ we spent our holidays was really beautiful.
  7. This school is only for children ____________ first language is not English.
  8. The woman with ____________ he fell in love left him after a month.

2 Make one sentence from the two. Use who/that/which.

  1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
  2. (The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital.)
  3. A waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient.
  4. The _______________________________________________________
  5. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
  6. The _______________________________________________________
  7. Some people were arrested. They have not been released.
  8. The _______________________________________________________
  9. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half an hour.
  10. The _______________________________________________________

3 Complete the text with what, which, whom, whose, who or that.

  • My friend Caroline, ____________ had always wanted to live in the country, finally decided to move. She wanted a house ____________ had at least three bedrooms. The first house she looked at was exactly ____________ she wanted – it was an old house with a lovely garden. But her sister, ____________ opinion she always respected, wasn’t very enthusiastic, as she thought the house needed a lot doing to it, ____________ would mean spending a lot more money. Caroline looked at other houses, none of ____________ were as nice as the first one. Eventually, she made up her mind to buy it. When she went to the lawyers to sign the contract she saw amongst the documents the personal details of the woman from ____________ she was buying it. The woman was born on 13th June 1963, exactly the same day as her! That coincidence was ____________ finally convinced her that the house was meant for her.

English 2

Question tags practice

1 Fill the blanks with a suitable tag.

  1. David spends a lot of money on clothes, _________________?
  2. You haven’t done your homework, ___________________?
  3. Let’s go for a walk, ___________________?
  4. The employers were on a meeting yesterday, __________________?
  5. She won’t be here on time, _________________?
  6. You spent the day with your boyfriend, _______________?
  7. They’ll invite us, _________________?
  8. Sam has a new bike, ________________?
  9. I’m fine now, __________________?
  10. All the boys made a mess, _______________?
  11. It wasn’t so cold yesterday, ______________?

Business

Writing Connectors (introduction)

  • If you want to make your writing easier to read and more eloquent, using the connectors in the correct places is a must. Start using connectors to give your writing more flow and more style. Different types of connectors are used according to the logical relationship they establish between one sentence and another. Also known as conjunctions, these linkers can express contrast, cause, purpose, consequence, addition, and exemplification.

CONTRAST

  • Although/ though/ Even though + full sentence +comma / Even so+ comma
  • In spite of/ despite + noun or –ING
  • Despite the fact that…
  • However/ Nevertheless + comma
  • On the one hand/ On the other hand + comma
  • In contrast to/with
  • As opposed to…
  • On the contrary + comma
  • Alternatively + comma
  • Instead of + -ING
  • The former/ the latter (only with 2 components)
  • Conversely+ comma
  • While/ Whereas + full sentence
  • But/Yet + full sentence or –ING Example: The book is short, YET it is interesting / The book is short YET interesting .

ADDITION

  • As well as + -ING
  • Apart from this / that + comma
  • Also (at the beginning + comma/ before the main verb)
  • Too (at the end of a sentence)
  • Besides + comma
  • Additionally + comma
  • What is more + comma
  • On top of that + comma
  • Furthermore / Morever (after giving various reasons)
  • In addition to + – ING

EXAMPLE

  • One such example is …
  • Such as …
  • In other words + comma
  • That is to say …
  • One instance could be …
  • For example / for instance

SEQUENCE and TIME

  • First of all / Firstly + comma
  • To begin with + comma
  • Once /as soon as + full sentence. Ex. Once you have finished studying you can go to the park
  • Secondly + comma
  • Later/ after that / afterwards + comma
  • Then / next + comma
  • Meanwhile/ in the meantime + comma
  • Now that + full sentence. Ex. Now that you have finished studying you can go to the park.
  • All of a sudden / suddenly + comma
  • Eventually/ finally/ in the end + comma

PURPOSE

  • To infinitive
  • So that / in order that + full sentence
  • In order to /so as to + infinitive

RESULT

  • As a result/ consequently/ accordingly/ as a consequence + comma
  • Therefore + comma
  • For this /that reason + comma
  • So / that is why/ because of this/ that + comma
  • With this in mind + comma
  • On account of the fact that + full sentence
  • Bearing this in mind + comma
  • Taking this into account + comma

CAUSE

  • Because of / on account of + full sentence
  • Owing to / due to + -ING / noun
  • In view of/ in the light of + -ING/ full sentence
  • Given that + comma

OPINION

  • My own view of this is …
  • My personal opinion …
  • Speaking personally + comma
  • It seems to me that…
  • For my part + comma
  • As I see it + comma
  • I feel strongly that …
  • I believe …

TO PRESENT A TOPIC

  • It is often said / asserted/ claimed that …
  • It is a well-known fact that…
  • For the majority of people …
  • One of the most striking features/ aspects of this issue/ topic…
  • By way of introduction …

CONCLUSION

  • In summary + comma
  • In brief + comma
  • In short + comma
  • To sum up + comma
  • All in all + comma
  • In conclusion to be brief + comma
  • On the whole + comma
  • Basically + comma

CLARIFICATION

  • That is to say + comma
  • To clarify + comma
  • To rephrase it + comma
  • In other words + comma
  • That is + comma

COMPARISON

  • In the same way + comma
  • Likewise + comma
  • Similarly+ comma
  • Compared with + -ING / full sentence
  • In comparison with + -ING/ full sentence

INTENSIFICATION

  • Indeed + comma
  • Undoubtedly / without doubt + comma
  • In fact + comma
  • Certainly+comma
  • By all means + comma
  • Surely + comma

PARTICULARISATION

  • In particular +comma
  • Particularly + comma
  • Specifically + comma
Research

Jingle all the way: Going eco-friendly with holidays – in academia, (example of good practice)

While we usually demonstrate eco-friendly behaviour on a regular basis and think twice when choosing plastic over paper, we somehow repeatedly get infected by the shopping craze during the Christmas holidays, not thinking ‘green’. Wherever you set your foot in December, you can witness how Christmas is overburdening businesses, schools and households with an excess of unrecyclable wrapping paper, plastic trees and tons of super expensive shiny decoration.

The world Economic Forum reports on the devastating environmental impacts of our 21st century Christmas: globally, celebrating Christmas intensifies consumerism so much that of all the materials flowing through the consumer economy, only 1% remains in use six months later. Unfortunately, holiday shopping and the culture of gift-giving has become a vulgar extension of the consumption economy – it is said that households debt burden continues to rise in Canada, the United States, Australia, China and elsewhere. In 2018, Australians wasted an estimated 10 million dollars on unwanted gifts. The total amount of wrapping paper used only in the UK can cover the world 9 times over. Businesses feel forced to decorate their facilities early in December or even earlier.

To raise the awareness of the ‘toxic’ character of the Christmas spending sprees and to prevent unreasonable spending, especially in the workplace, the role of public educational institutions during this time of the year seems crucial. A wonderful example of good practice comes from the University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Technical Sciences in Čačak. Since the National Foundation for Environmental Education Serbia awarded this Faculty in recognition of their excellent achievements in ecology the status of an international ECO-school, based on the strict criteria, an Eco-friendlier approach to Christmas decorations the Faculty displays in its public premises has been adopted there. Every year in December, the entrance, halls and classrooms get changed into festive clothing, yet, all the materials used for the decoration are recycled or re-purposed: old cotton, hemp sacks, used chipboard, woollen ropes, upcycled glasses used as light bulbs etc. As a rule, unused or old pieces of furniture and thrift shop items are collected throughout the year and carefully stored so that they can be used later for this project. After both teachers and students carefully design a non-spending agenda for the forthcoming holidays, they brainstorm the ideas. Several teams partake in the crafting sessions, unleashing their creativity. Being accustomed to seeing many creative displays, the Faculty employees, students and visitors look forward to a new Christmas design hoping for a magical Eco-friendly atmosphere with zero waste.

The last December (2019) the Faculty went the extra mile. The traditional Christmas decoration project of the Faculty was enriched with a wider organizer’s initiative, with the right cause: for the first time, stakeholders and NGOs were actively involved in the process. The highlight of the 2019 event was the lecture given by the representatives of the Birds lovers’ association ‘Owls on Alert’ and Shabby Chic Design Studio, on how responsible spending habits and implementation of circular economy in everyday actions can help save the planet. Finally, at the end of the sessions, the mayor’s assistant in ecology gave a talk sharing an official 2020 Eco agenda on behalf of the local authorities, hoping to motivate students to broaden their eco-perspective and encourage their further activism in the community. It is estimated that the 2019 decoration project had engaged more than 200 students and teachers, both in lectures and decorating sessions.

It is essential that, at the times of the year when we might be less conscious of our actions, the initiative to ‘go greener’ takes place in academia, i.e. the adult educational institution. As a gathering place of young adults, educational professionals and industry representatives, academia serve as a fantastic eco-hub for the community, capable of mapping the spots of eco-intervention which might bring about the change. With the reputation universities have especially perceived as centres of science and progress, similar projects would likely be warmly welcomed and learned from, for the benefit of local communities and their inhabitants no matter their age or profession.

Universities, with their wide range of educational practices, have proven to possess the know-how, public attention and creative potential to change the negative trends in ecology. Academia easily adopts the role of a nucleus which incites collaboration, disseminates knowledge and searches for solutions in the field of sustainable development. Sometimes it is not enough to offer undergraduate or graduate studies in ecology or provide certificates for students who attend eco-seminars. Neither it is always necessary to write complicated eco-projects with big budgets whose first results are to be seen in the distant future. In many cases, what we need to see is small but sustainable actions of goodwill in which diverse structures of participants are involved in the same task – to demonstrate that we can bring about the change – here and now.

So Marry Christmas and happy ECO New Year.