1 Complete these sentences using one word only.

• 1 A purse is a small bag ______ people, usually women, use to carry money in.
• 2 A trainer is someone ______ teaches a skill through practice.
• 3 A gazelle is a kind of small antelope _______ can run very fast.
• 4 Reeboks, _______ live in Africa, belong to the gazelle family.
• 5 Nike, _______ means ‘victory’ in Greek, was an ancient goddess.
• 6 ‘Victorian’, _______ refers to the time _______ Queen Victoria ruled in England, is the period between 1837 and 1901.
• 7 A place _______ people of similar interests meet is called a club.
• 8 Reebok, _______ reputation is worldwide, has won many international prizes.

2 Relative pronouns. Complete this text using one appropriate word in each space.

Nike

• Nike is an American manufacturer of sports clothes and shoes, (1) _______ has become very fashionable, particularly with young people. Nike, (2) _______ is pronounced ‘nikey’, is the goddess victory in Greek mythology. Nike, (3) _______ sat at the side of Zeus, was usually represented as a winged figure.
• Caroline Davidson, a graphic design student at Portland State University, was commissioned to design the Nike ‘swoosh’ logo (4) _______ now appears on every pair of Nike shoes.
• The Nike logo, for (5) ________ Davidson was paid only 35 dollars, captures the spirit of the goddess (6) ________ inspired the most courageous Greek warriors. Nike is the twentieth – century footwear (7) ________ helps the world’s greatest athletes win new victories.

KEY:

• 1 which
• 2 who
• 3 which
• 4 which
• 5 which
• 6 which, when
• 7 where
• 8 whose

NIKE

• 1 which
• 2 which
• 3 who
• 4 which
• 5 whom
• 6 who
• 7 which

Opposites attract. Complete the sentences by using the opposite of the word in brackets. Sometimes you will need to change the form-tense. The first one has been done for you.

a) She fell off the ladder and everyone laughed . (CRY)

1. His business has ___________more than he expected. (FAIL)
2. The car ___________ the tree. (MISS)
3. I expect our team will ___________ tomorrow. (LOSE)
4. She flatly ___________ his proposal of marriage. (ACCEPT)
5. What time does our coach ___________? (ARRIVE)
6. Why do we ___________ so much money on food? (SAVE)
7. This exam was difficult. Most of the students ___________ . (PASS)
8. A lot of private property was ___________ in the war. (CREATE)
9. We only___________ our tickets a day before we were due to leave. (SEND)
10. He asked me if I could ___________ him $10 till Monday. (BORROW)
11. Don’t ___________ we’re having lunch together tomorrow. (REMEMBER)

KEY:

1. His business has SUCCEEDED more than he expected. (FAIL)
2. The car HIT the tree. (MISS)
3. I expect our team will WIN tomorrow. (LOSE)
4. She flatly REFUSED his proposal of marriage. (ACCEPT)
5. What time does our coach LEAVE? (ARRIVE)
6. Why do we SPEND so much money on food? (SAVE)
7. This exam was difficult. Most of the students FAILED. (PASS)
8. A lot of private property was DESTROYED in the war. (CREATE)
9. We only RECEIVED our tickets a day before we were due to leave. (SEND)
10. He asked me if I could LEND him $10 till Monday. (BORROW)
11. Don’t FORGET we’re having lunch together tomorrow. (REMEMBER)

1 Circle the answer with the appropriate word or phrase.

1. Which football team do you ________ ?
   1. support
   2. encourage
   3. yell for
2. You will need to ________ hard to get a place on the Olympic team.
   1. develop
   2. train
   3. learn
3. There were many ________ watching the tennis finals.
   1. spectators
   2. public
   3. audience
4. I think that Sam’s younger brothers ________ karate.
   1. play
   2. do
   3. go
5. I hope our team doesn’t ________ the match on Saturday.
   1. fail
   2. lose
   3. defeat
6. If our team manages to ________ another goal, they will be national champions!
   1. hit
   2. score
   3. enter
7. They often________ jogging in the streets near their home.
   1. go
   2. make
   3. do
8. Does Eddie ________ rugby for the university?
   1. play
   2. make
   3. do
9. Roger Federer ________ the tennis record in the number of titles last year.
   1. broke
   2. achieved
   3. hit
10. A Russian gymnast ________ a record in that event.
    1. has
    2. holds
    3. is

2 Which sports are described?

1. Some sportspeople think it should be banned. You need to be physically tough and have quick reflexes. You don’t need any equipment, just a pair of gloves and some lace-up boots.
2. Anyone can play this sport. All you need is a racket, a few balls and a court with a net across the middle. It can be played on grass or harder surfaces.
3. There are eleven players in a team. To win, a team has to score goals against their opponents. This means kicking a ball past the goalkeeper into a net.
4. It’s usually an individual sport. The equipment can be expensive. You need a set of clubs and lots of balls if you tend to lose quite a few.
5. Most people who are successful at this sport are very tall. Players need to be able to control a ball with their hands while running.

3 Fill in the gaps using ONE word only, which best fits each space.

• Muhammad Ali, possibly the most famous athlete ___________, is certainly one of the most recognizable faces in the world history. Ali, ____________ proclaimed himself the ‘Greatest of All Time’, started fighting under the name of Cassius Clay. When he converted to Islam, he changed his name ____________ Muhammad Ali. Ali became world heavyweight champion ____________ the age of twenty-four and went on to become the first man ____________ win the heavyweight title three times. Both arrogant and charismatic, people loved him or hated him. His refusal to serve in the United States Army during the Vietnam war, saying that ____________ was against his religious beliefs, made ____________ unpopular with the authorities. He ____________ arrested, stripped of his heavyweight title and not allowed to box ____________ three years, ____________ many feel were his peak years. Ali was once asked on a TV show ____________ he would have done with his life given a choice. He replied that he ____________ not think of anything other than boxing. That is all he had ever wanted or wished ____________ . He couldn’t imagine doing anything ____________ .

Let’s take a closer look at the following sentences:

• I couldn’t hear WHAT they were saying.
• The man WHOM I saw on the bus the other day is Tom’s brother.
• James didn’t phone, WHICH is very surprising.
• My best friend Katherine, WHO happens to go to the same university as me, decided to leave her parents’ house and start living on her own.

All the listed examples above demonstrate the use of RELATIVE CLAUSES. The relative clauses can be (1) defining and (2) non-defining. Here’s the structure:

Some other ways of using Relative clauses:

• Examples
• who and which are more usual in written English whereas that is more usual in speech when referring to things:

• That’s the boy (Ø, that, who, whom) I invited to the party.
• That is the house (Ø, that, which) I’d like to buy.

PRACTICE:

1 Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.

1. What’s the name of the man whose car you borrowed?
2. A cemetery is a place____________ people are buried.
3. A pacifist is a person ____________ believes that all wars are wrong.
4. An orphan is a child ____________ parents are dead.
5. What was the name of the person to ____________ you spoke on the phone?
6. The place ____________ we spent our holidays was really beautiful.
7. This school is only for children ____________ first language is not English.
8. The woman with ____________ he fell in love left him after a month.

2 Make one sentence from the two. Use who/that/which.

1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
2. (The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital.)
3. A waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient.
4. The _______________________________________________________
5. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
6. The _______________________________________________________
7. Some people were arrested. They have not been released.
8. The _______________________________________________________
9. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half an hour.
10. The _______________________________________________________

3 Complete the text with what, which, whom, whose, who or that.

• My friend Caroline, ____________ had always wanted to live in the country, finally decided to move. She wanted a house ____________ had at least three bedrooms. The first house she looked at was exactly ____________ she wanted – it was an old house with a lovely garden. But her sister, ____________ opinion she always respected, wasn’t very enthusiastic, as she thought the house needed a lot doing to it, ____________ would mean spending a lot more money. Caroline looked at other houses, none of ____________ were as nice as the first one. Eventually, she made up her mind to buy it. When she went to the lawyers to sign the contract she saw amongst the documents the personal details of the woman from ____________ she was buying it. The woman was born on 13th June 1963, exactly the same day as her! That coincidence was ____________ finally convinced her that the house was meant for her.

I a) Finish the sentences to complete the right conditional:

• If I were an engineer ____________________________________________________________________
• What would you do ____________________________________________________________________?
• If I spoke English better ________________________________________________________________
• If you had finished your project on time ______________________________________________
• If it rains today _____________________________

b) Fill in the blanks to get the right conditional:

1. How would you react if you (see) _____________________a thief in your house?
2. If you had needed some money, I (lend) ____________________ it to you.
3. If I (be) ____________________ in your shoes, I’d do that differently.
4. If you (not do) _____________________ the project, the teacher wouldn’t have let you take an exam.
5. My friends will call me to go out if the weather (be) ______________________ fine.

II Write the comparative or superlative of the following words:

1. That will be (pleasant) _____________________trip you have ever had!
2. (attractive) ___________________ woman on that stage is definitely Beyonce.
3. Which is (pretty) ___________________ thing you ever bought?
4. Mr Smith has spoken (politely) _____________________ than the other participants.
5. My friend’s garden is (tidy) _________________ than mine.
6. This is (dangerous) ________________ dog in the neighborhood! He had injured many!
7. That woman took care of the baby (easily) _____________________ of all the babysitters they had.
8. She taught English at one of (bad) _________________ schools in London!
9. My sister is a way (tall) _______________than me.
10. The Odeon hotel is (far) _________________ than the one we wanted to rent first.

III Give the gerund or the infinitive forms of the verbs:

1. I don’t like _______________________ (judge) people according to their appearance.
2. My dad gave up _______________________ (smoke) when he was still on college.
3. Diana made it all up ______________________ (save) her brother.
4. She would like _______________________ (find) out the truth about her real parents.
5. We expect ________________ (hear) from Ann soon.
6. Do you enjoy ________________ (watch) football matches?
7. We ran ten kilometers without (stop) _____________.
8. Does he want (eat) _____________ now, Jane?
9. (use) ___________ fork and knife at the table is obligatory!
10. I planned (visit) ____________________ my granny this week.

IV Fill in using ONE word:

1. I _____________ to see you there tomorrow.
2. Your team will lose. That’s what I ___________________.
3. I _____________ to tell you, but I saw your girlfriend with somebody else.
4. The dog was too ___________________ so they put him to sleep.
5. We ________ take a good care of the baby. Don’t worry.
6. Susan really doesn’t sleep ________________. Only 6 hours.
7. You have finished?! That was _____________________.
8. When she saw the accident, she ___________________ the police.
9. When you travel _________ a foreign country, take care of your documents.
10. _______ they see the news, they will be shocked.

1 Collocations with ‘mind’. Study the examples.

1. Oh, I forgot the key. Never mind! (to be concerned about, be troubled about )
2. Mind the icy sidewalk! It’s slippery! (to be careful about )
3. I can’t keep my mind on work. (the focus of thought, attention )
4. The great minds of the past were Shakespeare and Homer, among many others. (a person considered as an intellectual being)
5. I liked both dresses but I didn’t buy any of them. I couldn’t make up my mind. (to decide )
6. The possibility of failure crossed your mind. But I had to go on with it. (occur to you, suggest itself )
7. ‘Maybe we could celebrate tonight.’ ‘What did you have in mind?’ (propose, plan, think )
8. Bear in mind that petrol stations are scarce in this area. (do not forget, be mindful )
9. You must allow me to speak my mind. (say frankly what I think )
10. Go away and mind your own business! (do not interfere )

2 Fill the gaps with ‘mind’ collocations.

1. Once he _________ his mind to do something, there was no stopping him.
2. _________ you don’t burn those sausages! Check them up!
3. ‘Mike, I’m really sorry.’ – ‘ _________, it happens to me all the time.’
4. It was a terrible fight. I just couldn’t stay away and _________! I had to phone the police.
5. It was Helen’s 50th birthday so I wanted to throw a surprise party. Her not coming to the party _________ (not) at all!
6. Politicians always _________ in debates. That’s why I just don’t like it!
7. Henry couldn’t _________ the project. The phone was ringing, clients were coming in, he just couldn’t concentrate.
8. ‘I plan to propose marriage to Tina, in a very unusual way.’ – ‘What do you _________?

3 ‘Study’ vocabulary. Fill the gaps.

learn study teach practice revise

1. He is _________ Medicine because he wants to become a doctor.
2. I’m just _________ for my History test tomorrow. I have a lot to cover.
3. Silvia _________French in an elementary school.
4. Students need to _________ maths a lot in order to pass the exam.
5. I have been _________ English since I was 7 years old.

4 Read the statements and match them with the right word given in the box.

1. Someone who teaches at university.
2. Someone who has a college degree.
3. The head of a school.
4. Someone who studies at primary or secondary school.
5. The most important teacher in a university department.
6. Someone who teaches one student or a very small class.
7. Someone in the same class as yourself.
8. Someone who trains a sports team.
9. Someone who writes the question papers of an examination.
10. Someone who drives but has not yet passed a driving test.

5 Underline the most suitable word or phrase.

1. Jack decided to take a course/lesson in hotel management.
2. Sheila always got good marks/points in algebra.
3. After leaving school, Ann studied/trained as a teacher.
4. Peter decided not to go in/enter for examination.
5. My sister learned/taught me how to draw.
6. I can’t come to the cinema. I have to read/study for a test.
7. In History classes we had to learn a lot of dates by hand/by heart.
8. I hope your work will improve by the end of the course/term.
9. If you have any questions, raise/rise your hand.

Fill in the blanks with the correct form:

1. If machines were more intelligent, they ___________________ the world. (take over)

1. If you spill Coca-Cola onto your computer keyboard, it __________________. (work)

1. I would have been able to store all my music in one place if someone _____________________USB keys a few years ago. (invent)

1. If you break the computer monitor, you _________________ use the computer. (can)

1. If I had a webcam, I ___________________ my friends all the time. (video call).

1. If I had known how useful it would be, I _________________________ how to write computer programmes. (learn)

1. If Sam earns enough money, she _____________________ the apple watch. (buy)

1. Paula would study more if _________________________ more time. (have)

1. Joan would have already solved world hunger if ______________________ how to genetically “grow” food.(learn)

1. If I _____________ you, I wouldn’t spend so much time playing video games. (be)

1. If I ____________ a bit older, I would leave school and go travelling. (be)

1. If you always use an online translator, you _____________________ the language. (learn)

1. If I hadn’t started using WhatsApp, I __________________________ contact with my extended family. (lose)

1. I won’t pass the exam unless I _______________. (study)

1. Time travel would be possible if we ________________ a more advanced civilisation. (have)